Albert Einstein, (born March 14, 1879, Ulm, Württemberg, Germany—died April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.), German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. ...28-May-2021
- He renounced his German citizenship when he was 16. ...
- He married the only female student in his physics class. ...
- He had a 1,427-page FBI file. ...
- He had an illegitimate baby. ...
- He paid his first wife his Nobel Prize money for a divorce. ...
- He married his first cousin.
How did Albert Einstein die?
After suffering an abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture several days before, Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955, at age 76.
Einstein’s parents were secular, middle-class Jews. His father, Hermann Einstein, was originally a featherbed salesman and later ran an electrochemical factory with moderate success. His mother, the former Pauline Koch, ran the family household. He had one sister, Maria (who went by the name Maja), born two years after Albert.
Einstein would write that two “wonders” deeply affected his early years. The first was his encounter with a compass at age five. He was mystified that invisible forces could deflect the needle. This would lead to a lifelong fascination with invisible forces. The second wonder came at age 12 when he discovered a book of geometry, which he devoured, calling it his “sacred little geometry book.”
Einstein became deeply religious at age 12, even composing several songs in praise of God and chanting religious songs on the way to school. This began to change, however, after he read science books that contradicted his religious beliefs. This challenge to established authority left a deep and lasting impression. At the Luitpold Gymnasium, Einstein often felt out of place and victimized by a Prussian-style educational system that seemed to stifle originality and creativity. One teacher even told him that he would never amount to anything.
Albert Einstein is thought to have been a genius, and he is considered one of the world's greatest thinkers. Although he isn't known for inventions, as with Thomas Edison or Nikola Tesla, Einstein's theories and ideas related to physics continue to exert influence today.
He spent much of his life researching theories of relativity, investigating space, time, matter, and energy. So, what were Albert Einstein's most significant theories? As we look back on this innovative thinker, here are some of Albert Einstein's most significant achievements.
1. Quantum Theory of Light
Einstein proposed his theory of light, stating that all light is composed of tiny packets of energy, called photons. He suggested these photons were particles but also had wave-like properties, a totally new idea at the time.
He also spent some time outlining the emission of electrons from metals as they were hit with large electric pulses, like lightning. He expanded on this concept of the photoelectric effect, which we'll discuss later in this article.
2. Special Theory of Relativity
In Einstein's studies, he began to notice inconsistencies of Newtonian mechanics in their relation to the understanding of electromagnetism, specifically to Maxwell's equations. In a paper published in September 1905, he proposed a new way of thinking about the mechanics of objects approaching the speed of light.
This concept became known as Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. It changed the understanding of physics at the time.
Einstein’s revelation was that observers in relative motion experience time differently. He realized that it is possible for two events to happen simultaneously from the perspective of one observer, but occur at different times from the perspective of the other. And both observers would be right.
Understanding the Special Theory of Relativity can be a little difficult, but we'll boil it down to a simple situation.
He began with the idea that light always travels at a constant 300,000 km/s, and asked what would happen to our ideas of space and time if that was the case?
Now, imagine that you once again have an observer standing on a railway embankment as a train goes by, and that each end of the train is struck by a bolt of lightning just as the train’s midpoint is passing the observer. Because the lightning strikes are the same distance from the observer, their light reaches his eye at the same instant. So the observer would say the two strikes happened simultaneously.
However, there is another observer, this on the train, sitting at its exact midpoint. Because the train is moving, the light coming from the lightning in the rear has to travel farther to catch up, so it reaches this observer later than the light coming from the front. This observer would conclude the one in front actually happened first. And both observers would be correct.
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6. The Photoelectric Effect
Einstein's theory of the Photoelectric Effect discusses the emissions of electrons from metal when light shines on it, as we alluded to before. Scientists had observed this phenomenon but had been unable to reconcile the finding with Maxwell's wave theory of light.
His theory of photons aided the understanding of this phenomenon. He theorized that, as light hits an object, there is an emission of electrons, which he deemed photoelectrons.
This model formed the basis of how solar cells work — light causes atoms to release electrons, which generate a current, thus creating electricity.
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